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General prologue.
On this site, I discuss in two parts what I call cumulative-dissipative processes.
These processes contribute to answering a fundamental question in physics, posed by Erwin Schrödinger, Leon Brillouin, and others.
The question, always current, is in what ways is the phenomenon of evolution made possible, here on Earth,
(1) understood as an increase in complexity, development and improvement of various forms of life,
despite
(2) the second law of thermodynamics, which, considered in isolation, would lead to a decrease in complexity and development, and therefore to a process of involution, up to the so-called “death of heat”.
The cumulative-dissipative processes.
Cumulative-dissipative processes are caused by angular motion relative to other matter; cumulative when this motion is increasing, if accompanied by heat accumulation; dissipative when this motion is decreasing, if accompanied by heat dissipation.
For now, understanding these processes tells us how to optimize seeding procedures, and they also reveal that they are the true cause of the ocean tides.
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Evolution and second law of thermodynamics.
By the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and thanks to experiments that validate it, as a rule, any use or transfer of energy would occur almost always with an efficiency of less than 100 percent.
By this reason, it is said that every decrease in entropy (improvement) would be possible in a system only to the detriment of another system, where entropy instead increases (worsening).
The action of the second law is compensated.
If this balance were not compensated, we would be in a process of involution.
In the course of this study, we will see how the action of the second law of thermodynamics, towards a phase of involution, is compensated by processes, which I call "cumulative-dissipative processes".
In this way, the incompatibility between the second law of thermodynamics and the fact of evolution would be resolved.
Examples of how this can happen are given by two experiments performed on seeds.
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How to explain the fact of evolution.
The phenomenon called evolution, in counter-tendency to what would happen due to the effect of the second law, is permitted:
1 - thanks to the energy that comes to us from the Sun, in its process of consumption;
2 - when the cumulative-dissipative processes can take place, the object of this research.
The evolution that occurs on Earth will continue, at least until the Sun can provide enough energy useful to compensate for what happens due to the second law.
As a method, I do not exclude that there may also be other compensatory processes to the second law of thermodynamics, not yet considered.
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Two consequent forces.
Before considering cumulative-dissipative processes, I will mention the two consequent forces (forces that arise as a consequence of something else), which generate them.
These two consequent forces are:
gravity (due to the interaction between matter and other matter; interaction that determines movement);
and the “force d”, provisionally defined by me as “force due to angular movement with respect to other matter”. This force appears to operate on the configurations of the seeds at given critical angular velocities.
Gravity determines movement, the “force d” exploits it, in particular giving rise to cumulative-dissipative processes.
As we will see on page 1.3.4, the two forces have very distinct characteristics.
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Cumulative-dissipative processes.
The way (or one of the ways) in which the second law of thermodynamics is compensated is that of the cumulative-dissipative processes that occur in seeds, the subject of the first part of this study.
Understanding the timing and methods of these processes allows for increased efficiency, compared to planting without taking the results of this research into account.
The increase in efficiency, and therefore in yields, ranges from 30 to 50 percent within the general efficiency cycle of 18.6 years, determined by the Moon's declination with respect to the equator, as will be explained in more detail in the prologue on seeds.
Energy first borrowed from the environment, then returned.
In the cumulative phase (b-c; d-a), energy, in the form of heat, is borrowed from the environment; molecules tend to assume higher-energy, less uniform configurations.
In the dissipative phase (a-b; c-d), the energy, first borrowed in the cumulative phase, is returned to the environment; molecules then tend to fall into lower-energy, more uniform configurations, in a kind of reset, a self-reorganization.
At the end of this double process, the negentropic balance is positive. Entropy has decreased.
The cumulative phase turns out to be functional to the dissipative one, as we will see in experiment E (on seeds).
The missing piece.
What has been said now can be considered as the missing piece in the reasoning practiced up to now, where the second law of thermodynamics and evolution, although declared as incompatible with each other, each is then treated as true in practice.
Now - thanks to cumulative-dissipative processes - the second law of thermodynamics and evolution can finally be considered compatible, even in theory.
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Application in Agriculture.
The first part of the site describes a sowing procedure useful for making these cumulative-dissipative processes efficient in seeds, resulting in a significant increase in yields.
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The Phenomenon of the Tides.
In the second part of the site, the discovery of these processes allows us to develop a theory of the tidal phenomenon consistent with the facts, free from the complications and inconsistencies of the current theory, accepted as valid for over 330 years. As a matter of fact, the current theory is based on the artifice of hypothesizing a horizontal component of attraction, placed in the denominator and then cubed.
What is needed instead is a theory that does not ignore the facts, of how the tides unfold. They do not unfold like a great wave extending from north to south, and proceeding from east to west, as would be the case if they were due to attraction. They unfold like many tidal waves, each unfolding within its own basin, with a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere, due to magnetism.
The varying levels of local magnetism also determine the frequency of the tides in different basins. If the level is normal, the frequency of the tides is bidiurnal. If the level is high, the frequency becomes diurnal. In some basins, the frequency varies with the season.
All this would be impossible if the tides were caused by the attractions of the Moon and Sun, but it is possible because they are due to the motion with regard to other matter and are influenced by the local magnetism that determines their frequency.
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What led me to become interested in tides.
On many occasions in my experiments with seeds, I have been able to observe when they soften most easily. This happens on a bi-diurnal cycle, reminiscent of the tides of most tidal basins - those with a bi-diurnal cadence.
However, when, in “experiment B”, I intervene with a magnet, the cadence of the cumulative-dissipative cycle changes, from bi-diurnal to diurnal, as happens in some tidal basins.
Other possible similarities between seeds and tides.
Some time ago, the results of “experiment B” led me to consider other possible similarities between seeds and tides, and to compare the current theory of tides with another provisional alternative theory, where the cause of the tide is no longer assumed to be gravity, but rather motion relative to other matter, as happens with seeds.
The result is a much simpler theory of tides.
This provisional alternative theory, pending confirmation by other researchers, easily passes Occam's razor test, unlike the current theory, which attributes the cause of tides to gravity.
In fact, it does not present the exceptions, complications, and illogicalities of the current theory, as we will see better in the prologue on the tides and then in the six itineraries of discovery.
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Neither on the Moon nor on Mars.
All the conditions necessary for cumulative-dissipative processes to take place are present on Earth. An adequate magnetic field is also among the necessary conditions.
Not so on the Moon, nor on Mars, where, I presume, the effects of the second law of thermodynamics are not balanced by cumulative-dissipative processes, as happens here on Earth.
The results of "experiments A" and "experiments E", to be performed on the Moon and on Mars, could confirm or not these suppositions of mine.
As for Mars.
In fact, the discovery of cumulative-dissipative processes, so important for Agriculture, adds another negative element regarding the feasibility of living on Mars.
Mars has two satellites, but with small masses, not enough for the movement, with respect to them, to generate enough cumulative-dissipative processes on the planet.
Even the reduced magnetic field would not satisfy what is necessary for these processes.
In addition to all this, for the sole fact that the positions of the two poles on Mars, with respect to the equator, are unstable and very variable, it completely removes any possibility of being able to live and prosper there, without bringing from Earth what is needed.
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A quest to be concluded.
What I found must be confirmed by other researchers. In fact, for this topic, there is no “peer review” yet. There will be some only after other researchers have performed the necessary observations and experiments.
This search is far from complete. I am alone, and there are still large areas to be defined, for example the list of critical angular velocities at which cumulative-dissipative processes are performed.
Where I have failed, others can take it as an opportunity, as an incentive to adopt this research to complete it, given my age (I was born in February 1943).
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