Effects of the Moon' movement on seeds and ocean tides.
Results of the research carried out by Pietro Baruffaldi.
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release 23.1 - 2023-09-03
français ||| italiano ||| © copyright notice
introduction: page 1 ||| page 2
On this page:
1a Prologue: evolution and second law of thermodynamics.
1b Antidote to the second law of thermodynamics.
1c Application in agriculture.
2a How to increase harvests.
2b Efficiency of the cumulative-dissipative cycle in seeds.
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--- 1 ---
Prologue.
Evolution and second law of thermodynamics.
On this site, thanks to a sowing procedure, which leads to an increase in harvests from 30 to 50 percent, I am going to give an answer to the question - posed by Erwin Schrœdinger, Leon Brillouin and others - of how it is made possible here on Earth:
(1) the phenomenon of evolution, understood as an increase in complexity, development and improvement of various forms of life,
despite
(2) the second law of thermodynamics, which, considered in isolation, would instead lead to a decrease in complexity and development, and, therefore, to a process of involution, ending in the so-called “death of heat”.
According to current theory.
In short, according to current theory, due to the second law of thermodynamics, every use or transfer of energy occurs with an efficiency of less than 100 percent.
Any decrease in entropy in a system is possible only to the detriment of another system, in which entropy increases.
Therefore, in the overall balance, entropy grows inexorably, and in the end we will arrive at the so-called "death of heat".
The action of the second law is compensated.
If this balance were not compensated, we would be in a process of involution, and the current theory would be valid.
In the course of this study, we will instead see how the action of the second law of thermodynamics towards involution is more than compensated by the processes that I call “cumulative-dissipative processes”.
In this way, the conflict between the second law of thermodynamics and the fact of evolution would be resolved.
Examples of how this can happen are given by two experiments performed on seeds.
Experriments A and E on seeds.
As will see in experiments A and E on seeds, there are two phases, first the cumulative one, then the dissipative one.
In the cumulative phase, there is an injection of energy into the system, and an increase in entropy.
Increase in entropy, which immediately afterwards, in the subsequent dissipative phase, is more than compensated by a greater decrease.
In this process, a case of compatibility between the second law of thermodynamics and evolution occurs.
Let's go in order, one step at a time.
--- 1b ---
Antidote to the second law of thermodynamics.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics tells only half of the story.
As we will see, the effects of the second law of thermodynamics are compensated by an engine, that of cumulative-dissipative processes, assisted by two consequent forces, the first already known, the second highlighted in the analysis of the experiments.
These two consequent forces are gravity (due to the interaction between matter and other matter, determining movement), and the "force d" (due to angular movement with respect to other matter).
Gravity determines the movement, exploited by “force d”.
As we will see on page 1.3.4, the two forces have very distinct characteristics.
In planet Earth, cumulative-dissipative processes allow a decrease of entropy, without overall degradation of energy.
The missing piece.
We can thus consider these processes as the missing piece in the reasoning practiced up to now, where the second law of thermodynamics and evolution, although declared as incompatible with each other, each is then treated as true in practice.
--- 1c ---
Application in agriculture.
Instead of leaving these processes to chance, the understanding of their ways and times, in which they take place, has allowed me to develop a procedure, in the public domain, to improve the germinability of seeds, during the sowing stage.
The procedure allows you to increase yields in the order of 30 to 50 percent (all other variables being equal), and promote the root system, which goes deeper, so useful in case of drought.
How these processes are activated.
The cumulative-dissipative processes manifest themselves in seeds in such peculiar ways that it is as if they had their own signature.
As I saw in the “experiment A” (Sunflower seeds set in motion relative to the surrounding matter) and in the “experiment E” (Seeds still in relation to the surrounding matter, but in motion with regard to the Moon), these processes are activated:
(1) by the angular motion with respect to other matter;
(2) and by heat exchanges, first lent, when the motion is increasing (cumulative phase), and then returned, when it is decreasing (dissipative phase).
All this seems to happen only during short episodes of interaction, when the movement is at critical angular velocities. I deduce this from the fact that the phenomena are more evident when the movement persists for a long time at an angular velocity, compared to other matter.
To confirm what was written in the previous paragraph, further research is necessary, with the use of adequate instrumentation, which I lack.
--- 2a ---
How to increase harvests.
The seeds manage their germinative capacity, in order to maintain it for a long time, thanks to cumulative-dissipative processes.
Usually, these take place with reduced efficiency, because they are left to chance. A procedure allows you to make them more efficient.
This procedure seems a paradoxical one. A small increase in entropy, during the cumulative phase, favors a larger reduction, during the subsequent dissipative phase.
Indeed, it is the "force d" (force due to angular movement with respect to other matter) that changes the logic to be used in this case.
When the seeds are firm with respect to Earth.
Since the seeds are mostly stationary relative to the Earth, it is mainly their angular movement relative to the Moon that has an effect.
The sowing calendars.
The sowing procedure, intended to improve the germination capacity of seeds, takes into account the calendars that indicate when cumulative dissipative processes take place in seeds, when stationary relative to the Earth.
On this site, in order to make it easy to understand, the sowing calendars do not indicate the angular velocity of the seeds with respect to the Moon, but the hourly angular velocity of the Moon, in its orbit around the Earth, defined in 86400 deltins, and performed in a sidereal month.
Consequently, cumulative phases take place when said movement is indicated as decreasing (periods b-c; d-a), while dissipative phases take place when said movement is indicated as increasing (a-b; c-d).
Clarifications.
All the experiments on seeds, published on this site, were performed in open fields, not in a greenhouse. However, in order to meet the times of the cycle, the procedure is best done where the timing of the water supply can be controlled, as can take place in a greenhouse, rather than being dependent on the vagaries of the weather.
In order to avoid the impoverishment of the soil, the procedure also requires a suitable rotation of the crops, alternating improving species, preparatory species and impoverishing species.
This would allow to have lower costs in terms of plant protection products, and fertilizers. In this regard, the use of fertilizers of fossil origin should be avoided, not only because they contain only a part of those necessary, but also because they are harmful to the quality of the environment, especially in the long term (greenhouse effect).
Example of the “experiment E”.
Harvest results from two seed groups (5+5), of the same quality, kept at two different temperatures during the cumulative phase (period d-a). The seeds that gave rise to the panicles on the right in the photo were kept at a higher temperature during the cumulative phase.
The sowing took place on april 7th 2005, the day before the beginning of the dissipative phase (a-b).
For details, see in the index seeds.
itinerary 1.1 Application;
itinerary 1.2 Observations and experiments;
itinerary 1.3 Interpretation of phenomena.
--- 2b ---
Efficiency of the cumulative-dissipative cycle in seeds.
The cumulative-dissipative cycle, by which seeds maintain their ability to germinate, varies in efficiency over the course of 18.6 years.
The variation in said efficiency depends on:
- the fact that cumulative-dissipative processes can only take place at critical angular speeds with respect to other matter (and of course at heat exchanges, in a cumulative sense if said speed is increasing, and in a dissipative sense if said speed is decreasing);
- and the variation in the declination of the Moon with respect to the equator, which can range from just over 14 degrees up to 28.5 degrees.
Seven years of lean times.
When this variation exceeds 26 degrees, during seven years within the cycle, the efficiency of the cumulative-dissipative processes is low, due to too long intervals, when there is no critical angular velocity, at which said processes can take place.
Indeed, the more the declination of the Moon varies with respect to the Earth's equator, the shorter the episodes during which cumulative-dissipative processes can take place, the lower their efficiency.
When, in the cumulative phase, these episodes are short, and at the same time the temperature is low, the efficiency of the cycle is compromised.
A combination that has caused the most serious famines throughout history.
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In this first introductory page, the topic of the site, the cumulative-dissipative processes, and their application in agriculture have been briefly presented.
On the second page of the introduction, I introduce a first hypothesis, which, as happens in seeds, cumulative-dissipative processes also decrease entropy in other ambits.
Continued - 2nd introductory page.
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